Current issue
About the Journal
Scientific Council
Editorial Board
Regulatory and archival policy
Code of publishing ethics
Publisher
Information about the processing of personal data in relation to cookies and newsletter subscription
Archive
For Authors
For Reviewers
Contact
Reviewers
Annals reviewers in 2023
Annals reviewers in 2022
Annals reviewers in 2021
Annals reviewers in 2020
Annals reviewers in 2019
Annals reviewers in 2018
Annals reviewers in 2017
Annals reviewers in 2016
Annals reviewers in 2015
Annals reviewers in 2014
Annals reviewers in 2013
Annals reviewers in 2012
Links
Sklep Wydawnictwa SUM
Biblioteka Główna SUM
Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
Privacy policy
Accessibility statement
Reviewers
Annals reviewers in 2023
Annals reviewers in 2022
Annals reviewers in 2021
Annals reviewers in 2020
Annals reviewers in 2019
Annals reviewers in 2018
Annals reviewers in 2017
Annals reviewers in 2016
Annals reviewers in 2015
Annals reviewers in 2014
Annals reviewers in 2013
Annals reviewers in 2012
The aging process and function of endocrine glands
1
Zakład Patofizjologii, Katedra Patofizjologii i Endokrynologii, Wydział Lekarski z Oddziałem Lekarsko-Dentystycznym w Zabrzu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
2
Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, school of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Zabrze,
Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
3
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Voivodeship Hospital nr 3, Rybnik
Corresponding author
Aleksandra Ewa Kazimierczak
Zakład Patofizjologii, Katedra Patofizjologii i Endokrynologii, Wydział Lekarski z Oddziałem Lekarsko-Dentystycznym w Zabrzu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Polska
Zakład Patofizjologii, Katedra Patofizjologii i Endokrynologii, Wydział Lekarski z Oddziałem Lekarsko-Dentystycznym w Zabrzu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Polska
Ann. Acad. Med. Siles. 2017;71:282-296
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Population aging is becoming the biggest medical challenge of the 21st century. The body of elderly people shows a decreased ability to adapt to changing environmental and intracorporeal conditions. Aging is a process that is complex and stretches over a considerable length of time. As we get older our bodies progressively change, including the endocrine system. The changes are not unidirectional and do not affect all the endocrine glands to the same degree. The secretion of some hormones becomes impaired, while the secretion of other ones increases. There are also some hormones whose secretion does not change. The frequent concomitance of chronic diseases and taking many medications makes it difficult to interpret the results of studies on changes in hormone secretion in elderly people. This paper focuses on aging-related changes in the secretion of growth hormone, thyroid hormones, parathyroid and adrenal hormones.
REFERENCES (106)
1.
Finkelstein J.W., Roffwarg H.P., Boyar R.M., Kream J., Hellman L. Age-related change in the twenty-four-hour spontaneous secretion of growth hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1972; 35(5): 665–670.
2.
Brook C.G., Hindmarsh P.C. The somatotropic axis in puberty. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am. 1992; 21(4): 767–782.
3.
Iranmanesh A., Lizarralde G., Veldhuis J.D. Age and relative adiposity are specific negative determinants of the frequency and amplitude of growth hormone (GH) secretory bursts and the half-life of endogenous GH in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1991; 73(5): 1081–1088.
4.
Mace J.W, Gotlin R.W., Beck P. Sleep related human growth hormone (GH) release: a test of physiologic growth hormone secretion in children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1972; 34(2): 339–341.
5.
Weltman A., Weltman J.Y., Hartman M.L., Abbott R.D., Rogol A.D., Evans W.S., Veldhuis J.D. Relationship between age, percentage body fat, fitness, and 24-hour growth hormone release in healthy young adults: effects of gender. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994; 78(3): 543–548.
6.
Corpas E., Harman S.M., Pineyro M.A., Roberson R., Blackman M.R. Continuous subcutaneous infusions of growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone 1–44 for 14 days increase GH and insulin-like growth factor-I levels in old men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993; 76(1): 134–138.
7.
Toogood A.A., O’Neill P.A., Shalet S.M. Beyond the somatopause: growth hormone deficiency in adults over the age of 60 years. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996; 81(2): 460–465.
8.
Rudman D., Kutner M.H., Rogers C.M., Lubin M.F., Fleming G.A., Bain R.P. Impaired Growth Hormone Secretion in the Adult Population. J. Clin. Invest. 1981; 67(5): 1361–1369.
9.
Ho K.Y., Evans W.S., Blizzard R.M., Veldhuis J.D., Merriam G.R., Samojlik E., Furlanetto R., Rogol A.D., Kaiser D.L., Thorner M.O. Effects of sex and age on the 24-hour profile of growth hormone secretion in man: importance of endogenous estradiol concentrations. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987; 64(1): 51–58.
10.
Bartke A., Westbrook R., Sun L., Ratajczak M. Links between growth hormone and aging. Endokrynol. Pol. 2013; 64(1): 46–52.
11.
Meites J. Role of hypothalamic catecholamines in aging processes. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 1991; 125(Suppl. 1): 98–103.
12.
O’Connor K.G., Tobin J.D., Harman S.M., Plato C.C., Roy T.A., Sherman S.S., Blackman M.R. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I are related to age and not to body composition in healthy women and men. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 1998; 53: 176–182.
13.
Muller A.P., Fernandez A.M., Haas C., Zimmer E., Portela L.V., Torres-Aleman I. Reduced brain insulin-like growth factor I function during aging. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2012; 49(1): 9–12.
14.
Corpas E., Harman S.M., Blackman M.R. Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocr. Rev. 1993; 14(1): 20–39.
15.
Paolisso G., Ammendola S., Del Buono A., Gambardella A., Riondino M., Tagliamonte M.R., Rizzo M.R., Carella C., Varricchio M. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) and IGF-1 binding protein-3 in healthy centenarians: relationship with plasma leptin and lipid concentrations, insulin action and cognitive functions. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82(7): 2204–2209.
16.
Rudman D., Feller A.G., Nagraj H.S., Gergans G.A., Lalitha P.Y., Goldberg A.F., Schlenker R.A., Cohn L., Rudman I.W., Mattson D.E. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 323(1): 1–6.
17.
Hull K.L., Harvey S. Growth hormone therapy and quality of life: possibilities, pitfalls and mechanisms. J. Endocrinol. 2003; 179: 311–333.
18.
Simpson H., Savine R., Sönksen P., Bengtsson B.A., Carlsson L., Christiansen J.S., Clemmons D., Cohen P., Hintz R., Ho K., Mullis P., Robinson I., Strasburger C., Tanaka T., Thorner M. Growth hormone replacement therapy for adults: into the new millennium. Growth Horm IGF Res 2002; 12: 1–33.
19.
Liu H., Bravata D.M., Olkin I. Nayak S., Roberts B., Garber A.M., Hoffman A.R. Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly. Ann. Int. Med. 2007; 146: 104–115.
20.
Denham M.J., Wills E.J. A clinico-pathological survey of thyroid glands in old age. Gerontology 1980; 26(3): 160–166.
21.
Lewiński A., Sewerynek E. Gruczoł tarczowy – zmiany struktury i funkcji gruczołu w przebiegu procesu starzenia. Przew. Lek. 2000; 4: 90–93.
22.
Harach H.R. Age, sex and C cells: what about the human thyroid follicle with acid mucin and solid cell nests. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82(12): 4274.
23.
Czerwińska E., Walicka M., Marcinowska-Suchowierska E. Zaburzenia czynności tarczycy u osób w wieku podeszłym. Post. N. Med. 2011; 5: 366–371.
24.
Wenzel K.W., Horn W.R. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) kinetics in aged men. Excerpta. Med. 1976; 378: 270–273.
25.
Peeters R.P., Debaveye Y., Fliers E., Visser T.J. Changes within the thyroid axis during critical illness. Crit. Care Clin. 2006; 22(1): 41–55.
26.
Mariotti S., Franceschi C., Cossarizza A., Pinchera A. The aging thyroid. Endocr. Rev. 1995; 16(6): 686–715.
27.
Mariotti S., Barbesino G., Caturegli P., Bartalena L., Sansoni P., Fagnoni F., Monti D., Fagiolo U., Franceschi C., Pinchera A. Complex alteration of thyroid function in healthy centenarians. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993; 77(5): 1130–1134.
28.
Mariotti S. Thyroid function and aging: do serum 3,5,3’triiodothyronine and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations give the Janus response? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005; 90: 6735–6737.
29.
Peeters R.P. Thyroid function and longevity: new insights into an old dilemma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009; 94: 4658–4660.
30.
Będzińska B., Tworowska U., Kluba R., Demissie M. Zmiany stężenia hormonów tarczycowych w chorobach nietarczycowych – euthyroid sik syndrome. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 2000; 9(4): 383–391.
31.
Karpińska J., Kryszałowicz B., Błachowicz A., Franek E. Pierwotne, wtórne i jatrogenne zaburzenia czynności tarczycy. Chor. Serca Naczyń 2007; 4(1): 48–53.
32.
Fadejew V. Kliniczne aspekty chorób tarczycy w starszym wieku. Thyroid International 2008; 2: 3–13.
33.
Sawin C.T., Bigos S.T., Land S., Bacharach P. The aging thyroid. Relationship between elevated serum thyrotropin level and thyroid antibodies in elderly patients. Am. J. Med. 1985; 79(5): 591–595.
34.
Olsson T., Viitanen M., Hagg E., Asplund K., Grankvist K., Eriksson S., Gustafson Y. Hormones in „young” and „old” elderly: npituitary-thyroid and pituitary-adrenal axes. Gerontology 1989; 35(2–3): 144–152.
35.
Zgliczyński W. Algorytmy postępowania diagnostyczno-terapeutycz-nego w endokrynologii. Med. Dypl. Zeszyt edukacyjny 2008; 7(10).
36.
Krysiak R., Okopień B., Herman Z.S. Subclinical thyroid disorders. Pol. Merkur Lekarski 2006; 126: 573–578.
37.
Ceresini G., Morganti S., Maggio M., Usberti E., Fiorino I., Artoni A., Teresi G., Belli S., Ridolfi V., Valenti G., Ceda G.P. Subclinical thyroid disease in elderly subjects. Acta Biomed. 2010; 81(Suppl 1): 31–36.
38.
Canaris G.J., Manowitz N.R., Mayor G., Ridgway E.C. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000; 160(4): 526–534.
39.
Biondi B., Cooper D.S. The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocr. Rev. 2008; 29(1): 76–131.
40.
Hoogendoorn E.H., Hermus A.R., de Vegt F., Ross H.A., Verbeek A.L., Kiemeney L.A., Swinkels D.W., Sweep F.C., den Heijer M. Thyroid function and prevalence of anti-thyroperoxydase antibodies in a population with borderline sufficient iodine intake: influences of age and sex. Clin. Chem. 2006; 52(1): 104–111.
41.
Vanderpump M.P.J., Tunbridge W.M.G., French J.M., Appleton D., Bates D., Clark F., Grimley Evans J., Hasan D.M., Rodgers H., Tunbridge F. et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin. Endocrinol. 1995; 43(1): 55–68.
42.
Hollowell J.G., Staehling N.W., Flanders W.D., Hannon W.H., Gunter E.W., Spencer C.A., Braverman L.E. Serum TSH, T4, and Thyroid Anti-bodies in the in the United States Population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 87(2): 489–499.
43.
Grzesiuk W., Łazęcki D. Subkliniczna nadczynność i niedoczynność tarczycy. Endokrynol. Pol. 1997; 48: 105–111.
44.
Razvi S., Shakoor A., Vanderpump M., Weaver J.U., Pearce S.H. The influence of age on the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and ischemic heart disease: a metaanalysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008; 93(8): 2998–3007.
45.
Ochs N., Auer R., Bauer D.C., Nanchen D., Gussekloo J., Cornuz J., Rodondi N. Meta-analysis: subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk for coronary heart disease and mortality. Ann. Intern. Med. 2008; 148(11): 832–845.
46.
Gussekloo J., van Exel E., de Craen A.J., Meinders A.E., Frölich M., Westendorp R.G. Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age. JAMA 2004; 292(21): 2591–2599.
47.
Rozing M.P., Westendorp R.G., de Craen A.J., Frölich M., Heijmans B.T., Beekman M., Wijsman C., Mooijaart S.P., Blauw G.J., Slagboom P.E, van Heemst D. Low serum free triiodothyronine levels mark familial longevity: the Leiden Longevity Study. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2010; 65(4): 365–368.
48.
Rozing M.P., Houwing-Duistermaat J.J., Slagboom P.E., Beekman M., Frölich M., de Craen A.J., Westendorp R.G., van Heemst D. Familial longevity is associated with decreased thyroid function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010; 95(11): 4979–4984.
49.
Atzmon G., Barzilai N., Hollowell J.G., Surks M.I., Gabriely I. Extreme longevity is associated with increased serum thyrotropin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009; 94(4): 1251–1254.
50.
Van den Beld A.W., Visser T.J., Feelders R.A., Grobbee D.E., Lamberts S.W. Thyroid hormone concentrations, disease, physical function, and mortality in elderly men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005; 90(12): 6403–6409.
51.
Hermann J., Heinen E., Kroll H.J., Rudorff K.H., Krüskemper H.L. Thyroid function and thyroid hormone metabolism in elderly people. Low T3-syndrome in old age? Klin. Wochenschr. 1981; 59(7): 315–323.
52.
Aghini-Lombardi F., Antonangeli L., Martino E., Vitti P., Maccherini D., Leoli F., Rago T., Grasso L., Valeriano R., Balestrieri A., Pinchera A. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-deficient community: the Pescopagano survey. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999; 84: 561–566.
53.
Sawin C.T., Geller A., Wolf P.A., Belanger A.J., Baker E., Bacharach P., Wilson P.W., Benjamin E.J., D'Agostino R.B. Low serum thyrotropin concentration as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. New Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331: 1249–1252.
54.
Mudde A.H., Reijnders F.J., Kruseman A.C. Peripheral bone density in women with untreated multinodular goitre. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1992; 37(1): 35–39.
55.
Ceresini G., Lauretani F., Maggio M., Ceda G.P., Morganti S., Usberti E., Chezzi C., Valcavi R., Bandinelli S., Guralnik J.M., Cappola A.R., Valenti G., Ferrucci L. Thyroid function abnormalities and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Results of the InChianti Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2009; 57(1): 89–93.
56.
Kalmijn S., Mehta K.M., Pols H.E., Hofman A., Drexhage H.A., Breteler M.M. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia. The Rotterdam study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 2000; 53(6): 733–737.
57.
Napiórkowska L., Franek E. Rola oznaczania witaminy D w praktyce klinicznej. Chor. Serca Naczyń 2009; 6: 203–210.
58.
Kupisz-Urbańska M., Galus K. Epidemiologia niedoboru witaminy D u osób w podeszłym wieku – wybrane zagadnienia. Gerontol. Pol. 2011; 19(1): 1–6.
59.
Warren T.K., Jiang J. The resurgence of the importance of vitamin D in bone health. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008; 17(S1): 138–142.
60.
Tukaj C. Właściwy poziom witaminy D warunkiem zachowania zdrowia. Post. Hig. Med. Dosw. 2008; 62: 502–510.
61.
Bieniek J., Brończyk-Puzoń A., Nowak J., Dittfeld A., Koszowska A., Kulik K. Witamina D – wskaźnik zdrowia u osób starszych w wybranych chorobach neurodegeneracyjnych. Geriatria 2014; 8: 49–55.
62.
Lips P., van Ginkel F.C., Jongen M.J., Rubertus F., van der Vijgh W.J., Netelenbos J.C. Determinants of vitamin D status in patients with hip fracture and in elderly control subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1987; 46(6): 1005–1010.
63.
Mc Kenna M. Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young and the elderly. Am. J. Med. 1992; 93(1): 69–77.
64.
Misiorowski W. Rola wapnia i witaminy D i jej aktywnych metabolitów. Prz. Lek. 2004; 10: 97–101.
65.
Chapuy M.C., Schott A.M., Garnero P., Hans D., Delmas P.D., Meunier P.J. Healthy elderly French woman living at home have secondary hyperparathyroidism and high bone turnover in winter. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1966; 81(3): 1129–1133.
66.
Zimmerman S.I., Girman C.J., Buie V.C., Chandler J., Hawkes W., Martin A., Holder L., Hebel J.R., Sloane P.D, Magaziner J. The prevalence of osteoporosis in nursing home residents. Osteoporos. Int. 1999; 9(2): 151–157.
67.
Ekman A., Michaëlsson K., Ljunghall S., Mallmin H. Almost all instutionalized women are osteoporotic, when measured by heel and finger ultrasound. J. Intern. Med. 2001; 249(2): 173–180.
68.
Evatt M.L. Parkinson disease: Low vitamin D and Parkinson disease – a causal conundrum. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2014; 10(1): 8–9.
69.
Knekt P., Kilkkinen A., Rissanen H., Marniemi J., Sääksjärvi K., Heliövaara M. Serum vitamin D and the risk of Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 2010; 67(7): 808–811.
70.
Zhao Y., Sun Y., Ji H.F., Shen L. Vitamin D levels in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: a meta-analysis. Nutrition 2013; 29(6): 828–832.
71.
Annweiler C., Rolland Y., Schott A.M., Blain H., Vellas B., Herrmann F.R., Beauchet O. Higher vitamin D dietary intake is associated with lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a 7-year follow-up. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2012; 67(11): 1205–1211.
72.
Nowak J.K. Rola witaminy D w chorobach ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Neuropsychiatr. Neuropsychol. 2012; 7(2): 85–96.
73.
Hoogendijk J.G., Lips P., Dik M.G., Deeg D.J., Beekman A.T., Penninx B.W. Depression is associated with decreased 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2008; 65(5): 508–512.
74.
Zittermann A., Koerfer R. Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2008; 11(6): 752–757.
75.
Van den Bemd G.J., Chang G.T. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogs in cancer treatmen. Curr. Drug Targets 2002; 3(1): 85–94.
76.
Lin R., White J.H. The pleiotropic actions of vitamin D. Bioessays 2004; 26(1): 21–28.
77.
Wang-Gillam A., Miles D.A., Hutchins L.F. Evaluation of vitamin D deficiency in breast cancer patients on bisphosphonates. Oncologist 2008; 13(7): 821–822.
78.
Hsu J.Y., Feldman D., McNeal J.E., Peehl D.M. Reduced 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity in human prostate cancer cells correlates with decreased susceptibility to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-induced growth inhibition. Cancer Res. 2001; 61(7): 2852– 2856.
79.
Garland C., Shekelle R.B., Barrett-Connor E., Criqui M.H., Rossof A.H., Paul O. Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: a 19-year prospective study in men. Lancet 1985; 1(8424): 307–309.
80.
Garland F.C., Garland C.F., Gorham E.D., Young J.F. Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: a hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation. Prev. Med. 1990; 19(6): 614–622.
81.
Freskanich D., Ma J., Fuchs C.S., Kirkner G.J., Hankinson S.E., Hollis B.W., Giovannucci E.L. Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2004; 13(9): 1502–1508.
82.
Garland C.F., Garland F.C., Gorham E.D., Lipkin M., Newmark H., Mohr S.B., Holick M.F. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am. J. Public. Health. 2006; 96(2): 252–261.
83.
Giovannucci E., Liu Y., Rimm E.B., Hollis B.W., Fuchs C.S., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2006; 98(7): 451––459.
84.
Płudowski P., Karczmarewicz E., Bayer M. et al. Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe – recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Endokrynol. Pol. 2013; 64(4): 319–27.
85.
Parker C.R., Mixon R.L., Brissie R.M., Grizzle W.E. Aging alters zonation in the adrenal cortex of men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82(11): 3898–3901.
86.
Laughlin G.A., Barrett-Connor E. Sexual dimorphism in the influence of advanced aging on adrenal hormone levels: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000; 85(10): 3561–3568.
87.
Sulcová J., Hill M., Hampl R., Stárka L. Age and sex related differences in serum levels of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate in normal subjects. J. Endocrinol. 1997; 154(1): 57–62.
88.
Labrie F., Bélanger A., Cusan L., Gomez J.L., Candas B. Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82(8): 2396–2402.
89.
Giordano R., Di Vito L., Lanfranco F., Broglio F., Benso A., Gianotti L., Grottoli S., Ghigo E., Arvat E. Elderly subjects show severe impairment of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and reduced sensitivity of cortisol and aldosterone response to the stimulatory effect of ACTH(1-24). Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 2001; 55(2): 259–65.
90.
Pawlikowski M. Adrenal cortex – the next biological clock? Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett 2005; 26(3): 193–195.
91.
Field A.E., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C., Longcope C., McKinlay J.B. The relation of smoking, age, relative weight, and dietary intake to serum adrenal steroids, sex hormones, and sex hormone-binding globulin in middle-aged men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994; 79: 1310–1316.
92.
Baulieu E.E. Neurosteroids: a novel function of the brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23(8): 963–987.
93.
Słowínska-Srzednicka J., Zgliczyński S., Ciświcka-Sznajderman M., Srzednicki M., Soszyński P., Biernacka M., Woroszyłska M., Ruzyłło W., Sadowski Z. Decreased plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and dihy-drotestosterone concentrations in young men after myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 1989; 79(2–3): 197–203.
94.
Kroboth P.D., Salek F.S., Pittenger A.L., Fabian T.J., Frye R.F. DHEA and DHEA-S: a review. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1999; 39(4): 327–348.
95.
Morales A.J., Nolan J.J., Nelson J.C., Yen S.S. Effects of replacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994; 78(6): 1360–1367.
96.
Percheron G., Hogrel J.Y., Denot-Ledunois S., Fayet G., Forette F., Baulieu E.E., Fardeau M., Marini J.F. Effects of 1-year oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone to 60- to 80-yearold individuals on muscle function and cross-sectional area: a double blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003; 163: 720–727.
97.
Weiss E.P., Villareal D.T., Fontana L., Han D.H., Holloszy J.O. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement decreases insulin resistance and lowers inflammatory cytokines in aging humans. Aging (Albany NY). 2011; 3(5): 533–542.
98.
Wolf O.T., Neumann O., Hellhammer D.H., Geiben A.C., Strasburger C.J. Dressendörfer R.A., Pirke K.M., Kirschbaum C. Effects of a two-week physiological dehydroepiandrosterone substitution on cognitive performance and well-being in healthy elderly women and men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82(7): 2363–2367.
99.
Arlt W., Callies F., Koehler I., van Vlijmen J.C., Fassnacht M., Strasburger C.J., Seibel M.J., Huebler D., Ernst M., Oettel M., Reincke M., Schulte H.M., Allolio B. Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation in healthy men with an age-related decline of dehydroepiandrosterone secretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86(10): 4686–4692.
100.
Giordano R., Di Vito L., Lanfranco F., Broglio F., Benso A., Gianotti L,, Grottoli S., Ghigo E., Arvat E. Elderly subjects show severe impairment of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and reduced sensitivity of cortisol and aldosterone response to the stimulatory effect of ACTH(1-24). Clin. Endocrinol. 2001; 55(2): 259–265.
101.
Elmlinger M.W., Dengler T., Weinstock C., Kuehnel W. Endocrine alterations in the aging male. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2003; 41(7): 934–941.
102.
Wilkinson C.W., Petrie E.C., Murray S.R., Colasurdo E.A., Raskind M.A., Peskind E.R. Human glucocorticoid feedback inhibition is reduced in older individuals: evening study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001 86(2): 545–550.
103.
Lupien S.J., de Leon M., de Santi S., Convit A., Tarshish C., Nair N.P., Thakur M., McEwen B.S., Hauger R.L., Meaney M.J. Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nat. Neurosci. 1998; 1(1): 69–73.
104.
Ross N.S., Aron D.C. Hormonal evaluation of the patient with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 323(20): 1401–1405.
105.
Kasperlik-Załuska A.A., Rosłonowska E., Krassowski J. et al. Przypadkowo wykryte guzy nadnercza: analiza kliniczna 444 przypadków. Endokrynol. Pol. 1999; 50: 237–238.
106.
Bednarczuk T., Bolanowski M., Sworczak K. et al. Adrenal inciden-taloma in adults – management recommendations by the Polish Society of Endocrinology. Endokrynol. Pol. 2016; 67(2): 234–258.
| eISSN: | 1734-025X |
The Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, as the Operator of the annales.sum.edu.pl website, processes personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about Users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms, saving cookies in end devices, as well as by collecting web server logs, which are in the possession of the website Operator. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services in accordance with the Privacy policy.
You can consent to the processing of data for these purposes, refuse consent or access more detailed information.
You can consent to the processing of data for these purposes, refuse consent or access more detailed information.
