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Corynebacterium diphtheriae – An underrated threat? An analysis of the epidemiological risk of diphtheria in the 21st century
1
Students’ Scientific Club, Department of Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
2
Department of Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Corresponding author
Magdalena Sulasz
Studenckie Koło Naukowe, Katedra i Zakład Medycyny i Epidemiologii Środowiskowej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych w Zabrzu ŚUM, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze
Studenckie Koło Naukowe, Katedra i Zakład Medycyny i Epidemiologii Środowiskowej, Wydział Nauk Medycznych w Zabrzu ŚUM, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze
Ann. Acad. Med. Siles. 2025;1(nr specj.):21-30
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Diphtheria is a potentially severe infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, whose primary pathogenic factor is diphtheria toxin. Despite a significant reduction in incidence due to vaccination, recent years have seen a resurgence of cases, indicating a persistent epidemiological threat. The aim of this study is to present the current status of diphtheria as an epidemiological threat and to assess whether, in light of contemporary medical knowledge and current vaccination statistics, the threat remains significant both in Poland and globally. A narrative review of the literature from 2000 to 2024 was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, as well as WHO and CDC documents. Scientific, clinical, and epidemiological data were analyzed for their relevance and utility for public health. Diphtheria still poses a risk of serious cardiac and neurological complications, particularly in populations with reduced herd immunity. Effective prevention requires early diagnosis, rapid treatment (antitoxin and antibiotic therapy), and high vaccination coverage. Although diphtheria is now rare, it should not be underestimated. Educational, preventive, and epidemiological efforts are essential to prevent its resurgence. Vaccination remains the most effective form of protection.
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