KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Phenothiazine derivatives are well-known anti-psychotic drugs that possess several biological activities including anticancer activity. Much research provides data about its anticancer activity against human glioblastoma cell lines. Unfortunately, to date in vitro studies analyzing the impact of phenothiazines on the viability of human astrocytes have not been performed. However, it is possible to find one study about the viability of neurons and neurons with glia after incubation with perphenazine. Thus, in this study we measured the viability of human astrocytes after 24-, 48-, and 72-hour incubation with perphenazine and prochlorperazine dimaleate using the WST-1 assay. The obtained results suggest that perphenazine is safer for human astrocytes than prochlorperazine dimaleate. Moreover, 24-hour incubation with perphenazine or prochlorperazine did not significantly reduce cellular viability. It is a very important finding since previously we proved that in similar concentrations both drugs reduce the viability of the human glioblastoma U-87 MG cell line by approximately 50%. Therefore, the results suggest that phenothiazines can be used in glioblastoma treatment in concentrations that do not impact human astrocyte viability.
FUNDING
This study was funded by the Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland (grant number PCN-2-013/K/1/F).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
 
REFERENCES (11)
1.
Phenothiazine antipsychotics. Drugs.com, 2023 [online] https://www.drugs.com/drug-cla... [accessed on 23 August 2023].
 
2.
Edinoff A.N., Armistead G., Rosa C.A., Anderson A., Patil R., Cornett E.M. et al. Phenothiazines and their evolving roles in clinical practice: A narrative review. Health Psychol. Res. 2022; 10(4): 38930, doi: 10.52965/001c.38930.
 
3.
Otręba M., Kośmider L. In vitro anticancer activity of fluphenazine, perphenazine and prochlorperazine. A review. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2021; 41(1): 82–94, doi: 10.1002/jat.4046.
 
4.
Grimsey E.M., Piddock L.J.V. Do phenothiazines possess antimicrobial and efflux inhibitory properties? FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2019; 43(6): 577–590, doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuz017.
 
5.
Otręba M., Kośmider L., Rzepecka-Stojko A. Antiviral activity of chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and thioridazine towards RNA-viruses. A review. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2020; 887: 173553, doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173553.
 
6.
Rácz B., Spengler G. Repurposing antidepressants and phenothiazine antipsychotics as efflux pump inhibitors in cancer and infectious diseases. Antibiotics 2023; 12(1): 137, doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12010137.
 
7.
Otręba M., Buszman E. Perphenazine and prochlorperazine induce concentration-dependent loss in human glioblastoma cells viability. Pharmazie 2018; 73(1): 19–21, doi: 10.1691/ph.2018.7806.
 
8.
Yuan C., Gao J., Guo J., Bai L., Marshall C., Cai Z. et al. Dimethyl sulfoxide damages mitochondrial integrity and membrane potential in cultured astrocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9(9): e107447, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107447.
 
9.
Zhang C., Deng Y., Dai H., Zhou W., Tian J., Bing G. et al. Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the morphology and viability of primary cultured neurons and astrocytes. Brain Res. Bull. 2017; 128: 34–39, doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.11.004.
 
10.
Gil-ad I., Shtaif B., Shiloh R., Weizman A. Evaluation of the neurotoxic activity of typical and atypical neuroleptics: relevance to iatrogenic extrapyramidal symptoms. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2001; 21(6): 705–716, doi: 10.1023/a:1015152021192.
 
11.
Jackson G.E. Chemo brain – a psychotropic drug phenomenon? Med. Hypotheses 2008; 70(3): 572–577, doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.06.019.
 
eISSN:1734-025X
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top