Bieżący numer
O czasopiśmie
Rada Naukowa
Kolegium Redakcyjne
Polityka prawno-archiwizacyjna
Kodeks etyki publikacyjnej
Wydawca
Informacja o przetwarzaniu danych osobowych w ramach plików cookies oraz subskrypcji newslettera
Archiwum
Dla autorów
Dla recenzentów
Kontakt
Recenzenci
Recenzenci rocznika 2023
Recenzenci rocznika 2022
Recenzenci rocznika 2021
Recenzenci rocznika 2020
Recenzenci rocznika 2019
Recenzenci rocznika 2018
Recenzenci rocznika 2017
Recenzenci rocznika 2016
Recenzenci rocznika 2015
Recenzenci rocznika 2014
Recenzenci rocznika 2013
Recenzenci rocznika 2012
Polecamy
Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
Sklep Wydawnictw SUM
Biblioteka Główna SUM
Polityka prywatności
Deklaracja dostępności
Recenzenci
Recenzenci rocznika 2023
Recenzenci rocznika 2022
Recenzenci rocznika 2021
Recenzenci rocznika 2020
Recenzenci rocznika 2019
Recenzenci rocznika 2018
Recenzenci rocznika 2017
Recenzenci rocznika 2016
Recenzenci rocznika 2015
Recenzenci rocznika 2014
Recenzenci rocznika 2013
Recenzenci rocznika 2012
Sarkoidoza serca
1
1st Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Autor do korespondencji
Małgorzata Niemiec
I Katedra I Klinika Kardiologii, Wydział Nauk Medycznych w Katowicach, ul. Ziołowa 45/47, 40-635 Katowice
I Katedra I Klinika Kardiologii, Wydział Nauk Medycznych w Katowicach, ul. Ziołowa 45/47, 40-635 Katowice
Ann. Acad. Med. Siles. 2023;77:226-239
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
Sarkoidoza serca (cardiac sarcoidosis – CS) jest rzadkim i trudnym do zdiagnozowania schorzeniem prowadzącym do zaburzeń przewodzenia, rytmu i nagłej śmierci sercowej.
Rozpoznanie CS jest niezwykle trudne, ponieważ we wczesnych stadiach może nie dawać objawów i często imituje inne stany. Narzędziami diagnostycznymi wykorzystywanymi w diagnostyce CS są: echokardiografia, rezonans magnetyczny, pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna oraz biopsja zmienionej tkanki. Leczenie polega na zastosowaniu leków hamujących układ odpornościowy. Niektóre zaburzenia rytmu serca i przewodzenia związane z CS mogą mieć charakter odwracalny, jednak częściej wymagają one zabezpieczenia urządzeniami takimi jak rozruszniki serca czy defibrylatory.
Konieczne są dalsze badania w celu opracowania skuteczniejszych strategii diagnostycznych dla poprawy wykrywania i leczenia tego stanu.
REFERENCJE (166)
1.
Costabel U. Sarcoidosis: clinical update. Eur. Respir. J. Suppl. 2001; 32: 56s–68s, doi: 10.1183/09031936.01.18s320056.
2.
Yamamoto M., Sharma O. P., Hosoda Y. Special report: The 1991 descriptive definition of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1992; 9(Suppl. 1): 33–34.
3.
Swigris J.J., Olson A.L., Huie T.J., Fernandez-Perez E.R., Solomon J., Sprunger D. et al. Sarcoidosis-related mortality in the United States from 1988 to 2007. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 183(11): 1524–1530, doi: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1679OC.
4.
Viskum K., Vestbo J. Vital prognosis in intrathoracic sarcoidosis with special reference to pulmonary function and radiological stage. Eur. Respir. J. 1993; 6(3): 349–353, doi: 10.1183/09031936.93.06030349.
5.
Bernstein M., Konzelmann F.W., Sidlick D.M. Boeck’s sarcoid report of a case with visceral involvement. Arch. Intern. Med. 1929; 44: 721–734.
6.
Roberts W.C., McAllister H.A. Jr, Ferrans V.J. Sarcoidosis of the heart. A clinicopathologic study of 35 necropsy patients (group I) and review of 78 previously described necropsy patients (group II). Am. J. Med. 1977; 63(1): 86–108, doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(77)90121-8.
7.
Birnie D.H., Nery P.B., Ha A.C., Beanlands R.S. Cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016; 68(4): 411–421, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.605.
8.
Birnie D.H., Sauer W.H., Bogun F., Cooper J.M., Culver D.A., Duvernoy C.S. et al. HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11(7): 1305–1323, doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.03.043.
9.
Mc Ardle B.A., Birnie D.H., Klein R., de Kemp R.A., Leung E., Renaud J. et al. Is there an association between clinical presentation and the location and extent of myocardial involvement of cardiac sarcoidosis as assessed by ¹⁸F-fluorodoexyglucose positron emission tomography? Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2013; 6(5): 617–626, doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000289.
10.
Nagai T., Nagano N., Sugano Y., Asaumi Y., Aiba T., Kanzaki H. et al. Effect of corticosteroid therapy on long-term clinical outcome and left ventricular function in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Circ. J. 2015; 79(7): 1593–1600, doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-14-1275.
11.
Yazaki Y., Isobe M., Hiroe M., Morimoto S., Hiramitsu S., Nakano T. et al. Prognostic determinants of long-term survival in Japanese patients with cardiac sarcoidosis treated with prednisone. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001; 88(9): 1006–1010, doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01978-6.
12.
James D.G., Hosoda Y. Epidemiology. In: D.G. James [ed.]. Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994, pp. 729–743.
13.
Morimoto T., Azuma A., Abe S., Usuki J., Kudoh S., Sugisaki K. et al. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Japan. Eur. Respir. J. 2008; 31(2): 372–379, doi: 10.1183/09031936.00075307.
14.
Sharma O.P. Sarcoidosis around the world. Clin. Chest Med. 2008; 29(3): 357–363, doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.03.013.
15.
Patel M.R., Cawley P.J., Heitner J.F., Klem I., Parker M.A., Jaroudi W.A. et al. Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis. Circulation 2009; 120(20): 1969–1977, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.851352.
16.
Byg K.E., Milman N., Hansen S. Sarcoidosis in Denmark 1980–1994. A registry-based incidence study comprising 5536 patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2003; 20(1): 46–52.
17.
Deubelbeiss U., Gemperli A., Schindler C., Baty F., Brutsche M.H. Prevalence of sarcoidosis in Switzerland is associated with environmental factors. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 35(5): 1088–1097, doi: 10.1183/09031936.00197808.
18.
Erdal B.S., Clymer B.D., Yildiz V.O., Julian M.W., Crouser E.D. Unexpectedly high prevalence of sarcoidosis in a representative U.S. Metropolitan population. Respir. Med. 2012; 106(6): 893–899, doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.02.007.
19.
Gribbin J., Hubbard R.B., Le Jeune I., Smith C. J., West J., Tata L.J. Incidence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Thorax 2006; 61(11): 980–985, doi: 10.1136/thx.2006.062836.
20.
Henke C.E., Henke G., Elveback L.R., Beard C.M., Ballard D.J., Kurland L.T. The epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Rochester, Minnesota: a population-based study of incidence and survival. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1986; 123(5): 840–845, doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114313.
21.
Hillerdal G., Nöu E., Osterman K., Schmekel B. Sarcoidosis: epidemiology and prognosis. A 15-year European study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1984; 130(1): 29–32, doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.1.29.
22.
Parkes S.A., Baker S.B., Bourdillon R.E., Murray C.R., Rakshit M., Sarkies J.W. et al. Incidence of sarcoidosis in the Isle of Man. Thorax 1985; 40(4): 284–287, doi: 10.1136/thx.40.4.284.
23.
Rybicki B.A., Major M., Popovich J. Jr., Maliarik M.J., Iannuzzi M.C. Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a 5-year study in a health maintenance organization. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997; 145(3): 234–241, doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009096.
24.
Thomeer M., Demedts M., Vandeurzen K. Registration of interstitial lung diseases by 20 centres of respiratory medicine in Flanders. Acta Clin. Belg. 2001; 56(3): 163–172, doi: 10.1179/acb.2001.026.
25.
Ungprasert P., Crowson C.S., Matteson E.L. Seasonal variation in incidence of sarcoidosis: a population-based study, 1976–2013. Thorax 2016; 71(12): 1164–1166, doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209032.
26.
Kowalska M., Niewiadomska E., Zejda J.E. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis recorded in 2006–2010 in the Silesian voivodeship on the basis of routine medical reporting. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2014; 21(1): 55–58.
27.
Selroos O. The frequency, clinical picture and prognosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis in Finland. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 1969; 503: 3–73.
28.
Rabin D.L., Richardson M.S., Stein S.R., Yeager H. Jr. Sarcoidosis severity and socioeconomic status. Eur. Respir. J. 2001; 18(3): 499–506, doi: 10.1183/09031936.01.00056201.
29.
Rabin D.L., Thompson B., Brown K.M., Judson M.A., Huang X., Lackland D.T. et al. Sarcoidosis: social predictors of severity at presentation. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 24(4): 601–608, doi: 10.1183/09031936.04.00070503.
30.
Okumura W., Iwasaki T., Toyama T., Iso T., Arai M., Oriuchi N. et al. Usefulness of fasting 18F-FDG PET in identification of cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Nucl. Med. 2004; 45(12): 1989–1998.
31.
Soejima K., Yada H. The work-up and management of patients with apparent or subclinical cardiac sarcoidosis: with emphasis on the associated heart rhythm abnormalities. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 2009; 20(5): 578–583, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01417.x.
32.
Patel N., Kalra R., Doshi R., Arora H., Bajaj N.S., Arora G. et al. Hospitalization rates, prevalence of cardiovascular manifestations, and outcomes associated with sarcoidosis in the United States. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2018; 7(2): e007844, doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007844.
33.
Chen E.S., Moller D.R. Etiology of sarcoidosis. Clin. Chest Med. 2008; 29(3): 365–377, doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.03.011.
34.
Verleden G.M., du Bois R.M., Bouros D., Drent M., Millar A., Müller-Quernheim J. et al. Genetic predisposition and pathogenetic mechanisms of interstitial lung diseases of unknown origin. Eur. Respir. J. Suppl. 2001; 32: 17s–29s.
35.
Abe S., Yamaguchi E., Makimura S., Okazaki N., Kunikane H., Kawakami Y. Association of HLA-DR with sarcoidosis. Correlation with clinical course. Chest 1987; 92(3): 488–490, doi: 10.1378/chest.92.3.488.
36.
Berlin M., Fogdell-Hahn A., Olerup O., Eklund A., Grunewald J. HLA-DR predicts the prognosis in Scandinavian patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 156(5): 1601–1605, doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.9704069.
37.
Brennan N.J., Crean P., Long J.P., Fitzgerald M.X. High prevalence of familial sarcoidosis in an Irish population. Thorax 1984; 39(1): 14–18, doi: 10.1136/thx.39.1.14.
38.
Cozier Y.C., Ruiz-Narvaez E.A., McKinnon C.J., Berman J.S., Rosenberg L., Palmer J.R. Fine-mapping in African-American women confirms the importance of the 10p12 locus to sarcoidosis. Genes Immun. 2012; 13(7): 573–578, doi: 10.1038/gene.2012.42.
39.
Cozier Y., Ruiz-Narvaez E., McKinnon C., Berman J., Rosenberg L., Palmer J. Replication of genetic loci for sarcoidosis in US black women: data from the Black Women's Health Study. Hum. Genet. 2013; 132(7): 803–810, doi: 10.1007/s00439-013-1292-5.
40.
Cozier Y.C., Coogan P.F., Govender P., Berman J.S., Palmer J.R., Rosenberg L. Obesity and weight gain in relation to incidence of sarcoidosis in US black women: data from the Black Women's Health Study. Chest 2015; 147(4): 1086–1093, doi: 10.1378/chest.14-1099.
41.
Iannuzzi M.C., Rybicki B.A., Teirstein A.S. Sarcoidosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 357(21): 2153–2165, doi: 10.1056/NEJMra071714.
42.
Kucera G.P., Rybicki B.A., Kirkey K.L., Coon S.W., Major M.L., Maliarik M.J. et al. Occupational risk factors for sarcoidosis in African-American siblings. Chest 2003; 123(5): 1527–1535, doi: 10.1378/chest.123.5.1527.
43.
Martinetti M., Tinelli C., Kolek V., Cuccia M., Salvaneschi L., Pasturenzi L. et al. "The sarcoidosis map": a joint survey of clinical and immunogenetic findings in two European countries. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152(2): 557–564, doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.2.7633707.
44.
McGrath D.S., Daniil Z., Foley P., du Bois J.L., Lympany P.A., Cullinan P. et al. Epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis in the UK. Thorax 2000; 55(9): 751–754, doi: 10.1136/thorax.55.9.751.
45.
Newman L.S., Rose C.S., Bresnitz E.A., Rossman M.D., Barnard J., Frederick M. et al. A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational risk factors. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 170(12): 1324–1330, doi: 10.1164/rccm.200402-249OC.
46.
Korsten P., Tampe B., Konig M.F., Nikiphorou E. Sarcoidosis and autoimmune diseases: differences, similarities and overlaps. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2018; 24(5): 504–512, doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000500.
47.
Grubić Z., Peros-Golubicić T., Stingl K., Zunec R. The investigation of HLA microsatellites influence in predisposition to sarcoidosis among Croatians. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2011; 28(1): 18–26.
48.
Naruse T.K., Matsuzawa Y., Ota M., Katsuyama Y., Matsumori A., Hara M. et al. HLA-DQB1*0601 is primarily associated with the susceptibility to cardiac sarcoidosis. Tissue Antigens 2000; 56(1): 52–57, doi: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.560107.x.
49.
Rybicki B.A., Iannuzzi M.C. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: recent advances and future prospects. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 28(1): 22–35, doi: 10.1055/s-2007-970331.
50.
Sato H., Woodhead F.A., Ahmad T., Grutters J.C., Spagnolo P., van den Bosch J.M. et al. Sarcoidosis HLA class II genotyping distinguishes differences of clinical phenotype across ethnic groups. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010; 19(20): 4100–4111, doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddq325.
51.
Rivera N.V., Ronninger M., Shchetynsky K., Franke A., Nöthen M.M., Müller-Quernheim J. et al. High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility variants in sarcoidosis phenotypes and shows genomic-driven phenotypic differences. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 193(9): 1008–1022, doi: 10.1164/rccm.201507-1372OC.
52.
Darlington P., Haugom-Olsen H., von Sivers K., Wahlström J., Runold M., Svjatoha V. et al. T-cell phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood and lymph nodes in pulmonary sarcoidosis-indication for an airborne antigen as the triggering factor in sarcoidosis. J. Intern. Med. 2012; 272(5): 465–471, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02543.x.
53.
Huang H., Lu Z., Jiang C., Liu J., Wang Y., Xu Z. Imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T-Cells in sarcoidosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013; 14(11): 21463–21473, doi: 10.3390/ijms141121463.
54.
Sakthivel P., Bruder D. Mechanism of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2017; 24(1): 59–65, doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000301.
55.
Ten Berge B., Paats M.S., Bergen I.M., van den Blink B., Hoogsteden H.C., Lambrecht B.N. et al. Increased IL-17A expression in granulomas and in circulating memory T cells in sarcoidosis. Rheumatology 2012; 51(1): 37–46, doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker316.
56.
Abe C., Iwai K., Mikami R., Hosoda Y. Frequent isolation of Propionibacterium acnes from sarcoidosis lymph nodes. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A 1984; 256(4): 541–547, doi: 10.1016/s0174-3031(84)80032-3.
57.
Baughman R.P., Lower E.E., du Bois R.M. Sarcoidosis. Lancet 2003; 361(9363): 1111–1118, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12888-7.
58.
Homma J.Y., Abe C., Chosa H., Ueda K., Saegusa J., Nakayama M. et al. Bacteriological investigation on biopsy specimens from patients with sarcoidosis. Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 1978; 48(3): 251–255.
59.
Ishige I., Usui Y., Takemura T., Eishi Y. Quantitative PCR of mycobacterial and propionibacterial DNA in lymph nodes of Japanese patients with sarcoidosis. Lancet 1999; 354(9173): 120–123, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12310-3.
60.
Negi M., Takemura T., Guzman J., Uchida K., Furukawa A., Suzuki Y. et al. Localization of propionibacterium acnes in granulomas supports a possible etiologic link between sarcoidosis and the bacterium. Mod. Pathol. 2012; 25(9): 1284–1297, doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.80.
61.
Kern D.G., Neill M.A., Wrenn D.S., Varone J.C. Investigation of a unique time-space cluster of sarcoidosis in firefighters. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 148(4 Pt 1): 974–980, doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.4_Pt_1.974.
62.
Hosoda Y., Sasagawa S., Yasuda N. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: new frontiers to explore. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2002; 8(5): 424–428, doi: 10.1097/00063198-200209000-00014.
63.
Möller W., Barth W., Pohlit W., Rust M., Siekmeier R., Stahlhofen W. et al. Smoking impairs alveolar macrophage activation after inert dust exposure. Toxicol. Lett. 1996; 88(1–3): 131–137, doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(96)03728-9.
64.
Silverstein M.D., Lashner B.A., Hanauer S.B. Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1994; 69(5): 425–429, doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61637-1.
65.
Valeyre D., Soler P., Clerici C., Pré J., Battesti J.P., Georges R. et al. Smoking and pulmonary sarcoidosis: effect of cigarette smoking on prevalence, clinical manifestations, alveolitis, and evolution of the disease. Thorax 1988; 43(7): 516–524, doi: 10.1136/thx.43.7.516.
66.
Dubrey S.W., Bell A., Mittal T.K. Sarcoid heart disease. Postgrad. Med. J. 2007; 83(984): 618–623, doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2007.060608.
67.
Trivieri M.G., Spagnolo P., Birnie D., Liu P., Drake W., Kovacic J.C. et al. Challenges in cardiac and pulmonary sarcoidosis: JACC state-of-the-art review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020; 76(16): 1878–1901, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.042.
68.
Cozier Y.C. Assessing the worldwide epidemiology of sarcoidosis: challenges and future directions. Eur. Respir. J. 2016; 48(6): 1545–1548, doi: 10.1183/13993003.01819-2016.
69.
Izumi T. Symposium: population differences in clinical features and prognosis of sarcoidosis throughout the world. Sarcoidosis 1992; 9: S105–S118.
70.
Jain R., Yadav D., Puranik N., Guleria R., Jin J.O. Sarcoidosis: causes, diagnosis, clinical features, and treatments. J. Clin. Med. 2020; 9(4): 1081, doi: 10.3390/jcm9041081.
71.
Lill H., Kliiman K., Altraja A. Factors signifying gender differences in clinical presentation of sarcoidosis among Estonian population. Clin. Respir. J. 2016; 10(3): 282–290, doi: 10.1111/crj.12213.
72.
Loddenkemper R., Kloppenborg A., Schoenfeld N., Grosser H., Costabel U. Clinical findings in 715 patients with newly detected pulmonary sarcoidosis-results of a cooperative study in former West Germany and Switzerland. WATL Study Group. Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Therapie von Lungenkrankheitan. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 1998; 15(2): 178–182.
73.
Pereira C.A., Dornfeld M.C., Baughman R., Judson M.A. Clinical phenotypes in sarcoidosis. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2014; 20(5): 496–502, doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000077.
74.
Prasse A., Katic C., Germann M., Buchwald A., Zissel G., Müller-Quernheim J. Phenotyping sarcoidosis from a pulmonary perspective. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 177(3): 330–336, doi: 10.1164/rccm.200705-742OC.
75.
Siltzbach L.E., James D.G., Neville E., Turiaf J., Battesti J.P., Sharma O.P. et al. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis around the world. Am. J. Med. 1974; 57(6): 847–852, doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90160-0.
76.
Birnbaum A.D., Oh F.S., Chakrabarti A., Tessler H.H., Goldstein D.A. Clinical features and diagnostic evaluation of biopsy-proven ocular sarcoidosis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2011; 129(4): 409–413, doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.52.
77.
Brito-Zerón P., Sellarés J., Bosch X., Hernández F., Kostov B., Sisó-Almirall A. et al. Epidemiologic patterns of disease expression in sarcoidosis: age, gender and ethnicity-related differences. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2016; 34(3): 380–388.
78.
Pasadhika S., Rosenbaum J.T. Ocular sarcoidosis. Clin. Chest Med. 2015; 36(4): 669–683, doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.009.
79.
Yanardag H., Pamuk O.N., Karayel T. Cutaneous involvement in sarcoidosis: analysis of the features in 170 patients. Respir. Med. 2003; 97(8): 978–982, doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(03)00127-6.
80.
Yanardag H., Tetikkurt C., Bilir M., Demirci S., Iscimen A. Diagnosis of cutaneous sarcoidosis; clinical and the prognostic significance of skin lesions. Multidiscip. Respir. Med. 2013; 8(1): 26–31, doi: 10.1186/2049-6958-8-26.
81.
Iannuzzi M.C., Fontana J.R. Sarcoidosis: clinical presentation, immunopathogenesis, and therapeutics. JAMA 2011; 305(4): 391–399, doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.10.
82.
Neville E., Walker A.N., James D.G. Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis: an analysis of 818 patients. Q. J. Med. 1983; 52(208): 525–533.
83.
Rao D.A., Dellaripa P.F. Extrapulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2013; 39(2): 277–297, doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2013.02.007.
84.
Schupp J.C., Freitag-Wolf S., Bargagli E., Mihailović-Vučinić V., Rottoli P., Grubanovic A. et al. Phenotypes of organ involvement in sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2018; 51(1): 1700991, doi: 10.1183/13993003.00991-2017.
85.
Nery P.B., Mc Ardle B.A., Redpath C.J., Leung E., Lemery R., Dekemp R. et al. Prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis in patients presenting with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 2014; 37(3): 364–374, doi: 10.1111/pace.12277.
86.
Terasaki F., Azuma A., Anzai T., Ishizaka N., Ishida Y., Isobe M. et al. JCS 2016 Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis – digest version. Circ. J. 2019; 83(11): 2329–2388, doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0508.
87.
Kandolin R., Lehtonen J., Graner M., Schildt J., Salmenkivi K., Kivistö S.M. et al. Diagnosing isolated cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Intern. Med. 2011; 270(5): 461–468, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02396.x.
88.
Nery P.B., Keren A., Healey J., Leug E., Beanlands R.S., Birnie D.H. Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis: establishing the diagnosis with electroanatomic mapping-guided endomyocardial biopsy. Can. J. Cardiol. 2013; 29(8): 1015.e1–1015.e3, doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.09.009.
89.
Hunninghake G.W., Costabel U., Ando M., Baughman R., Cordier J.F., du Bois R. et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 1999; 16(2): 149–173.
90.
Bargagli E., Prasse A. Sarcoidosis: a review for the internist. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2018; 13(3): 325–331, doi: 10.1007/s11739-017-1778-6.
91.
Dubrey S.W., Falk R.H. Diagnosis and management of cardiac sarcoidosis. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2010; 52(4): 336–346, doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2009.11.010.
92.
Mantini N., Williams B. Jr, Stewart J., Rubinsztain L., Kacharava A. Cardiac sarcoid: a clinician’s review on how to approach the patient with cardiac sarcoid. Clin. Cardiol. 2012; 35(7): 410–415, doi: 10.1002/clc.21982.
93.
Kim J.S., Judson M.A., Donnino R., Gold M., Cooper L.T. Jr, Prystowsky E.N. et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis. Am. Heart J. 2009; 157(1): 9–21, doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.09.009.
94.
From A.M., Maleszewski J.J., Rihal C.S. Current status of endomyocardial biopsy. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2011; 86(11): 1095–1102, doi: 10.4065/mcp.2011.0296.
95.
Martusewicz-Boros M.M., Boros P.W., Wiatr E., Zych J., Piotrowska-Kownacka D., Roszkowski-Śliż K. Prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis in white population: a case-control study: Proposal for a novel risk index based on commonly available tests. Medicine 2016; 95(32): e4518, doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004518.
96.
Yodogawa K., Seino Y., Ohara T., Iwasaki Y.K., Hayashi M., Miyauchi Y. et al. Prognostic significance of ventricular late potentials in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Heart Rhythm. 2018; 15(6): 798–802, doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.03.013.
97.
Freeman A.M., Curran-Everett D., Weinberger H.D., Fenster B.E., Buckner J.K., Gottschall E.B. et al. Predictors of cardiac sarcoidosis using commonly available cardiac studies. Am. J. Cardiol. 2013; 112(2): 280–285, doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.027.
98.
Padala S.K., Peaslee S., Sidhu M.S., Steckman D.A., Judson M.A. Impact of early initiation of corticosteroid therapy on cardiac function and rhythm in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Int. J. Cardiol. 2017; 227: 565–570, doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.101.
99.
Hiraga H.H.M., Iwai K. Guidelines for diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: study report on diffuse pulmonary diseases (in Japanese). Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare. Tokyo 1993, pp. 23–24.
100.
Judson M.A., Costabel U., Drent M., Wells A., Maier L., Koth L. et al. The WASOG sarcoidosis organ assessment instrument: an update of a previous clinical tool. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2014; 31(1): 19–27.
101.
Agarwal A., Sulemanjee N.Z., Cheema O., Downey F.X., Tajik A.J. Cardiac sarcoid: a chameleon masquerading as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy in the same patient. Echocardiography 2014; 31(5): E138–E141, doi: 10.1111/echo.12536.
102.
Sköld C.M., Larsen F.F., Rasmussen E., Pehrsson S.K., Eklund A.G. Determination of cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis by magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler echocardiography. J. Intern. Med. 2002; 252(5): 465–471, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01058.x.
103.
Burstow D.J., Tajik A.J., Bailey K.R., DeRemee R.A., Taliercio C.P. Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in systemic sarcoidosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 1989; 63(7): 478–482, doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90323-8.
104.
Sun B.J., Lee P.H., Choi H.O., Ahn J.M., Seo J.S., Kim D.H. et al. Prevalence of echocardiographic features suggesting cardiac sarcoidosis in patients with pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator. Korean Circ. J. 2001; 41(6): 313–320, doi: 10.4070/kcj.2011.41.6.313.
105.
Joyce E., Ninaber M.K., Katsanos S., Debonnaire P., Kamperidis V., Bax J.J. et al. Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction by echocardiographic speckle-tracking strain analysis relates to outcome in sarcoidosis. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2015; 17(1): 51–62, doi: 10.1002/ejhf.205.
106.
Murtagh G., Laffin L.J., Patel K.V., Patel A.V., Bonham C.A., Yu Z. et al. Improved detection of myocardial damage in sarcoidosis using longitudinal strain in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Echocardiography 2016; 33(9): 1344–1352, doi: 10.1111/echo.13281.
107.
Kouranos V., Tzelepis G.E., Rapti A., Mavrogeni S., Aggeli K., Douskou M. et al. Complementary role of CMR to conventional screening in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2107; 10(12): 1437–1447, doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.11.019.
108.
d’Alessandro M., Bergantini L., Perrone A., Cameli P., Cameli M., Prasse A. et al. Serial investigation of angiotensin-converting enzyme in sarcoidosis patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2020; 78: 58–62, doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.04.006.
109.
Kandolin R., Lehtonen J., Airaksinen J., Vihinen T., Miettinen H., Ylitalo K. et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis: epidemiology, characteristics, and outcome over 25 years in a nationwide study. Circulation 2015; 131(7): 624–632, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011522.
110.
Vorselaars A.D.M., van Moorsel C.H.M., Zanen P., Ruven H.J.T., Claessen A.M.E., van Velzen-Blad H. et al. ACE and sIL-2R correlate with lung function improvement in sarcoidosis during methotrexate therapy. Respir. Med. 2015; 109(2): 279–285, doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.11.009.
111.
Cameli P., Gonnelli S., Bargagli E., d’Alessandro M., Bergantini L., Favetta V. et al. The role of urinary calcium and chitotriosidase in a cohort of chronic sarcoidosis patients. Respiration 2020; 99(3): 207–212, doi: 10.1159/000505653.
112.
Smedema J.P., Snoep G., van Kroonenburgh M.P.G., van Geuns R.J., Dassen W.R.M., Gorgels A.P.M. et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005; 45(10): 1683–1690, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.047.
113.
Cummings K.W., Bhalla S., Javidan-Nejad C., Bierhals A.J., Gutierrez F.R., Woodard P.K. A pattern-based approach to assessment of delayed enhancement in nonischemic cardiomyopathy at MR imaging. Radiographics 2009; 29(1): 89–103, doi: 10.1148/rg.291085052.
114.
Crawford T., Mueller G., Sarsam S., Prasitdumrong H., Chaiyen N., Gu X. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for identifying patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and preserved or mildly reduced left ventricular function at risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2014; 7(6): 1109–1115, doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000156.
115.
Patel A.R., Klein M.R., Chandra S., Spencer K.T., Decara J.M., Lang R.M. et al. Myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis and preserved left ventricular systolic function: an observational study. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2011; 13(11): 1231–1237, doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr099.
116.
Ichinose A., Otani H., Oikawa M., Takase K., Saito H., Shimokawa H. et al. MRI of cardiac sarcoidosis: basal and subepicardial localization of myocardial lesions and their effect on left ventricular function. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2008; 191(3): 862–869, doi: 10.2214/AJR.07.3089.
117.
Nagai T., Kohsaka S., Okuda S., Anzai T., Asano K., Fukuda K. Incidence and prognostic significance of myocardial late gadolinium enhancement in patients with sarcoidosis without cardiac manifestation. Chest 2014; 146(4): 1064–1072, doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0139.
118.
Nadel J., Lancefield T., Voskoboinik A., Taylor A.J. Late gadolinium enhancement identified with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in sarcoidosis patients is associated with long-term ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2015; 16(6): 634–641, doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu294.
119.
Agoston-Coldea L., Kouaho S., Sacre K., Dossier A., Escoubet B., Chillon S. et al. High mass (>18g) of late gadolinium enhancement on CMR imaging is associated with major cardiac events on long-term outcome in patients with biopsy-proven extracardiac sarcoidosis. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016; 222: 950–956, doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.233.
120.
Coleman G.C., Shaw P.W., Balfour P.C. Jr, Gonzalez J.A., Kramer C.M., Patel A.R. et al. Prognostic value of myocardial scarring on CMR in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2017; 10(4): 411–420, doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.05.009.
121.
Ekström K., Lehtonen J., Hänninen H., Kandolin R., Kivistö S., Kupari M. Magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of survival free of life-threatening arrhythmias and transplantation in cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016; 5(5): e003040, doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.003040.
122.
Ise T., Hasegawa T., Morita Y., Yamada N., Funada A., Takahama H. et al. Extensive late gadolinium enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts adverse outcomes and lack of improvement in LV function after steroid therapy in cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart 2014; 100(15): 1165–1172, doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305187.
123.
Shafee M.A., Fukuda K., Wakayama Y., Nakano M., Kondo M., Hasebe Y. et al. Delayed enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a poor prognostic factor in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Cardiol. 2012; 60(6): 448–453, doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.08.002.
124.
Yasuda M., Iwanaga Y., Kato T., Izumi T., Inuzuka Y., Nakamura T. et al. Risk stratification for major adverse cardiac events and ventricular tachyarrhythmias by cardiac MRI in patients with sarcoidosis. Open Heart 2016; 3(2): e000437, doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000437.
125.
Smedema J.P., van Geuns R.J., Ainslie G., Ector J., Heidbuchel H., Crijns H.J.G.M. Right ventricular involvement in cardiac sarcoidosis demonstrated with cardiac magnetic resonance. ESC Heart Fail. 2017; 4(4): 535–544, doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12166.
126.
Crouser E.D., Ono C., Tran T., He X., Raman S.V. Improved detection of cardiac sarcoidosis using magnetic resonance with myocardial T2 mapping. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014; 189(1): 109–112, doi: 10.1164/rccm.201309-1668LE.
127.
Puntmann V.O., Isted A., Hinojar R., Foote L., Carr-White G., Nagel E. T1 and T2 mapping in recognition of early cardiac involvement in systemic sarcoidosis. Radiology 2107; 285(1): 63–72, doi: 10.1148/radiol.2017162732.
128.
Cheong B.Y.C., Muthupillai R., Nemeth M., Lambert B., Dees D., Huber S. et al. The utility of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging for identifying nonischemic myocardial fibrosis in asymptomatic patients with biopsy-proven systemic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2009; 26(1): 39–46.
129.
Pellegrino D., Bonab A.A., Dragotakes S.C., Pitman J.T., Mariani G., Carter E.A. Inflammation and infection: imaging properties of 18F-FDG-labeled white blood cells versus 18F-FDG. J. Nucl. Med. 2005; 46(9): 1522–1530.
130.
Osborne M.T., Hulten E.A., Murthy V.L., Skali H., Taqueti V.R., Dorbala S. et al. Patient preparation for cardiac fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging of inflammation. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 2017; 24(1): 86–99, doi: 10.1007/s12350-016-0502-7.
131.
Ishimaru S., Tsujino I., Takei T., Tsukamoto E., Sakaue S., Kamigaki M. et al. Focal uptake on 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography images indicates cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis. Eur. Heart J. 2005; 26(15): 1538–1543, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi180.
132.
Youssef G., Leung E., Mylonas I., Nery P., Williams K., Wisenberg G. et al. The use of 18F-FDG PET in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review and metaanalysis including the Ontario experience. J. Nucl. Med. 2012; 53(2): 241–248, doi: 10.2967/jnumed.111.090662.
133.
Blankstein R., Osborne M., Naya M., Waller A., Kim C. K., Murthy V.L. et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography enhances prognostic assessments of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014; 63(4): 329–336, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.022.
134.
Uemura A., Morimoto S., Hiramitsu S., Kato Y., Ito T., Hishida H. Histologic diagnostic rate of cardiac sarcoidosis: evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies. Am. Heart J. 1999; 138(2 Pt 1): 299–302, doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70115-8.
135.
Oe Y., Ishibashi‐Ueda H., Matsuyama T.A., Kuo Y.H., Nagai T., Ikeda Y. et al. Lymph vessel proliferation on cardiac biopsy may help in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019; 8(2): e010967, doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010967.
136.
Honda Y., Nagai T., Ikeda Y., Sakakibara M., Asakawa N., Nagano N. et al. Myocardial immunocompetent cells and macrophage phenotypes as histopathological surrogates for diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis in Japanese. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016; 5(11): e004019, doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004019.
137.
Crouser E.D., Maier L.A., Wilson K.C., Bonham C.A., Morgenthau A.S., Patterson K.C. et al. Diagnosis and detection of sarcoidosis: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2020; 201(8): e26–e51, doi: 10.1164/rccm.202002-0251ST.
138.
Doltra A., Amundsen B.H., Gebker R., Fleck E., Kelle S. Emerging concepts for myocardial late gadolinium enhancement MRI. Curr. Cardiol. Rev. 2013; 9(3): 185–190, doi: 10.2174/1573403x113099990030.
139.
Philips B., Madhavan S., James C.A., te Riele A.S., Murray B., Tichnell C. et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy and cardiac sarcoidosis: distinguishing features when the diagnosis is unclear. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2014; 7(2): 230–236, doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000932.
140.
Vasaiwala S.C., Finn C., Delpriore J., Leya F., Gagermeier J., Akar J.G. et al. Prospective study of cardiac sarcoid mimicking arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 2009; 20(5): 473–476, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01351.x.
141.
Tandri H., Castillo E., Ferrari V.A., Nasir K., Dalal D., Bomma C. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: sensitivity, specificity, and observer variability of fat detection versus functional analysis of the right ventricle. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 48(11): 2277–2284, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.051.
142.
Anderson L.J., Holden S., Davis B., Prescott E., Charrier C.C., Bunce N.H. et al. Cardiovascular T2-star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur. Heart J. 2001; 22(23): 2171–2179, doi: 10.1053/euhj.2001.2822.
143.
Prasse A. The diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of sarcoidosis. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 2016; 113(33–34): 565–574, doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0565.
144.
Baughman R.P., Drent M., Kavuru M., Judson M.A., Costabel U., du Bois R. et al. Infliximab therapy in patients with chronic sarcoidosis and pulmonary involvement. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 174(7): 795–802, doi: 10.1164/rccm.200603-402OC.
145.
Uthman I., Touma Z., Khoury M. Cardiac sarcoidosis responding to monotherapy with infliximab. Clin. Rheumatol. 2007; 26(11): 2001–2003, doi: 10.1007/s10067-007-0614-1.
146.
Cox C.E., Donohue J.F., Brown C.D., Kataria Y.P., Judson M.A. Health-related quality of life of persons with sarcoidosis. Chest 2004; 125(3): 997–1004, doi: 10.1378/chest.125.3.997.
147.
Furushima H., Chinushi M., Sugiura H., Kasai H., Washizuka T., Aizawa Y. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia associated with cardiac sarcoidosis: its mechanisms and outcome. Clin. Cardiol. 2004; 27(4): 217–222, doi: 10.1002/clc.4960270409.
148.
Banba K., Kusano K.F., Nakamura K., Morita H., Ogawa A., Ohtsuka F. et al. Relationship between arrhythmogenesis and disease activity in cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4(10): 1292–1299, doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.06.006.
149.
Stees C.S., Khoo M.S.C., Lowery C.M., Sauer W.H. Ventricular tachycardia storm successfully treated with immunosuppression and catheter ablation in a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 2011; 22(2): 210–213, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01826.x.
150.
Kusano K.F. Effect of corticosteroid on arrhythmic events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. J. Cardiol. 2013; 62(5): 326–327, doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.09.004.
151.
Hulten E., Agarwal V., Cahill M., Cole G., Vita T., Parrish S. et al. Presence of late gadolinium enhancement by cardiac magnetic resonance among patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis is associated with adverse cardiovascular prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2016; 9(9): e005001, doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005001.
152.
Fussner L.A., Karlstedt E., Hodge D.O., Fine N.M., Kalra S., Carmona E.M. et al. Management and outcomes of cardiac sarcoidosis: a 20-year experience in two tertiary care centers. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2018; 20(12): 1713–1720, doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1319.
153.
Hamzeh N.Y., Wamboldt F.S., Weinberger H.D. Management of cardiac sarcoidosis in the United States: a Delphi study. Chest 2012; 141(1): 154–162, doi: 10.1378/chest.11-0263.
154.
Chapelon-Abric C., de Zuttere D., Duhaut P., Veyssier P., Wechsler B., Huong D.L.T. et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis: a retrospective study of 41 cases. Medicine 2004; 83(6): 315–334, doi: 10.1097/01.md.0000145367.17934.75.
155.
Chiu C.Z., Nakatani S., Zhang G., Tachibana T., Ohmori F., Yamagishi M. et al. Prevention of left ventricular remodeling by long-term corticosteroid therapy in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2005; 95(1): 143–146, doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.08.083.
156.
Sperry B.W., Tamarappoo B.K., Oldan J.D., Javed O., Culver D.A., Brunken R. et al. Prognostic impact of extent, severity, and heterogeneity of abnormalities on 18F-FDG PET scans for suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2018; 11(2 Pt 2): 336–345, doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.04.020.
157.
Demeter S.L. Myocardial sarcoidosis unresponsive to steroids. Treatment with cyclophosphamide. Chest 1988; 94(1): 202–203, doi: 10.1378/chest.94.1.202.
158.
Müller-Quernheim J., Kienast K., Held M., Pfeifer S., Costabel U. Treatment of chronic sarcoidosis with an azathioprine/prednisolone regimen. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 14(5): 1117–1122, doi: 10.1183/09031936.99.14511179.
159.
Bremer W., Sweiss N.J., Lu Y. Serial FDG-PET/CT imaging in the management of cardiac sarcoidosis. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2018; 43(2): e50–e52, doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000001919.
160.
Mankad P., Mitchell B., Birnie D., Kron J. Cardiac sarcoidosis. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2019; 21(12): 152, doi: 10.1007/s11886-019-1238-1.
161.
Naruse Y., Sekiguchi Y., Nogami A., Okada H., Yamauchi Y., Machino T. et al. Systematic treatment approach to ventricular tachycardia in cardiac sarcoidosis. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2014; 7(3): 407–413, doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000734.
162.
Segawa M., Fukuda K., Nakano M., Kondo M., Satake H., Hirano M. et al. Time course and factors correlating with ventricular tachyarrhythmias after introduction of steroid therapy in cardiac sarcoidosis. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2016; 9(6): e003353, doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003353.
163.
Sohn D.W., Park J.B., Lee S.P., Kim H.K., Kim Y.J. Viewpoints in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis: proposed modification of current guidelines. Clin. Cardiol. 2018; 41(10): 1386–1394, doi: 10.1002/clc.23060.
164.
Okada D.R., Smith J., Derakhshan A., Gowani Z., Misra S., Berger R.D. Ventricular arrhythmias in cardiac sarcoidosis. Circulation 2018; 138(12): 1253–1264, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034687.
165.
Papageorgiou N., Providência R., Bronis K., Dechering D.G., Srinivasan N., Eckardt L. Catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review. Europace 2018; 20(4): 682–691, doi: 10.1093/europace/eux077.
166.
Muser D., Santangeli P., Pathak R.K., Castro S.A., Liang J.J., Magnani S. et al. Long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2016; 9(8): e004333, doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.116.004333.F.
Udostępnij
ARTYKUŁ POWIĄZANY
| eISSN: | 1734-025X |
Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, jako Operator Serwisu annales.sum.edu.pl, przetwarza dane osobowe zbierane podczas odwiedzania Serwisu. Realizacja funkcji pozyskiwania informacji o Użytkownikach i ich zachowaniu odbywa się poprzez dobrowolnie wprowadzone w formularzach informacje, zapisywanie w urządzeniach końcowych plików cookies (tzw. ciasteczka), a także poprzez gromadzenie logów serwera www, będącego w posiadaniu Operatora Serwisu. Dane, w tym pliki cookies, wykorzystywane są w celu realizacji usług zgodnie z Polityką prywatności.
Możesz wyrazić zgodę na przetwarzanie danych w tych celach, odmówić zgody lub uzyskać dostęp do bardziej szczegółowych informacji.
Możesz wyrazić zgodę na przetwarzanie danych w tych celach, odmówić zgody lub uzyskać dostęp do bardziej szczegółowych informacji.
